{"id":3578,"date":"2025-05-23T04:03:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-23T04:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/?p=3578"},"modified":"2025-05-23T04:03:55","modified_gmt":"2025-05-23T04:03:55","slug":"post-quantum-cryptography-is-coming-to-windows-linux-what-you-need-to-know","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/post-quantum-cryptography-is-coming-to-windows-linux-what-you-need-to-know\/","title":{"rendered":"Post-Quantum Cryptography Is Coming to Windows &amp; Linux: What You Need to Know\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Welcome to the Quantum Era, where even the strongest locks we use to protect our digital lives might soon be breakable. However, don\u2019t panic; Microsoft is already preparing for that future, and it has just rolled out a groundbreaking update for Windows Insiders and Linux users that could change the game for cybersecurity forever.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-quantum-computing-is-dangerous\">Why Quantum Computing Is Dangerous?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quantum computers can do some pretty amazing things, solve complex problems in seconds, simulate molecules for new drug discoveries, and more. But here\u2019s the problem: they can also crack most encryption that protects your emails, bank transactions, and sensitive files.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Also Read:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/what-is-quantum-safe-cryptography-vs-post-quantum-cryptography\/\">What is Quantum-safe Cryptography? Quantum vs. Post-Quantum Cryptography<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This leads to a terrifying idea called <strong>&#8220;Harvest now, decrypt later.&#8221;<\/strong> Hackers can steal your encrypted data today and just wait until quantum tech is strong enough to break it. So, what do we do? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To prepare for this, Microsoft has been working on <strong>Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC),<\/strong> a new kind of encryption that can resist attacks even from quantum computers.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Previously, Microsoft:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Talked about the risks of quantum computing to current encryption.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Shared its work in making systems quantum-safe.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Added <a href=\"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/nist-2024-timeline-for-first-standardized-post-quantum-cryptography\/\">PQC algorithms<\/a> to their core cryptography library, SymCrypt.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Now, Microsoft is taking the next step in its latest update:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They\u2019ve added PQC support to <strong>Windows Insiders<\/strong> (<strong>Canary Build 27852+<\/strong>).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>And to <strong>Linux<\/strong> through <strong>SymCrypt-OpenSSL v1.9.0.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means companies and developers can now start testing and preparing for a quantum-secure future.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-new-for-microsoft-windows-users-nbsp\">What\u2019s New for Microsoft Windows Users?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Windows is still the world\u2019s most popular OS, and now it&#8217;s getting a quantum-resistant makeover. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Microsoft is adding two PQC algorithms:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ml-kem-module-lattice-based-key-encapsulation-mechanism\">ML-KEM (Module Lattice-Based Key Encapsulation Mechanism)\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is also known as <strong>CRYSTALS-Kyber<\/strong> and is designed for key encapsulation and exchange. ML-KEM is a post-quantum algorithm that helps with secure key exchange basically, it protects the start of a secure connection (like HTTPS). It&#8217;s efficient and offers strong security levels.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It allows developers to test quantum-safe key exchanges alongside current methods like RSA or ECDH. It\u2019s designed to prevent a future attack strategy called <strong>\u201charvest now, decrypt later\u201d<\/strong>, where hackers collect encrypted data now to decrypt later using quantum computers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>There are 3 security levels:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>ML-KEM Version<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Public Key Size<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Ciphertext Size<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Shared Secret<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>NIST Level<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-KEM 512&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>800 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>768 bytes&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>32 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Level 1&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-KEM 768&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>1184 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;1088 bytes&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>32 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Level 3&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-KEM 1024&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><td>1568 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>1568 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>32 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Level 5&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ml-dsa-module-lattice-based-digital-signature-algorithm\">ML-DSA (Module Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm)\u00a0<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Microsoft also suggests using ML-DSA in hybrid mode with algorithms like ECDSA or RSA. But be aware <strong>ML-DSA uses larger keys and signatures<\/strong>, which may affect speed and storage. It was previously known as <strong>CRYSTALS-Dilithium<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is used for digital signatures, ensuring data integrity and authenticity. ML-DSA is used to digitally sign documents or software, proving they\u2019re authentic and untampered.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your apps, drivers, and digital certificates can now be signed using PQC, and Windows lets you import, export, and validate them using the built-in Certificate API.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Signature Sizes:<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>ML-DSA Version<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Public Key<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong><\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Private Key<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>Signature<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td><strong>NIST Level<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-DSA-44&nbsp;<\/td><td>1312 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>2560 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>2420 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Level 2&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-DSA-65&nbsp;<\/td><td>1952 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>4032 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>3309 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;Level 3&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ML-DSA-87&nbsp;<\/td><td>2592 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>4896 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>4627 bytes&nbsp;<\/td><td>Level 5&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-new-in-linux-nbsp\">What\u2019s New in Linux?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For Linux users, Microsoft has updated SymCrypt-OpenSSL (a plugin for OpenSSL 3) in version 1.9.0.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>From this update, you can:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use TLS hybrid key exchange, which combines current encryption + quantum-safe ML-KEM.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Test how this affects handshake speed, message size, and performance.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This lets developers test how using PQC affects:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>TLS handshake sizes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Connection speed\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Overall performance\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> These are draft specifications, so expect future changes. Microsoft will continue updating its tools to match evolving standards.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-coming-next-nbsp\">What\u2019s Coming Next?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You didn\u2019t think Microsoft was stopping here, did you? This is just the start. Microsoft plans to:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-more-algorithms-nbsp\">1. More Algorithms&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">New algorithms like <strong>SLH-DSA<\/strong> are being added to Windows and Linux cryptographic libraries.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-x-509-certificate-support-nbsp\">2. X.509 Certificate Support&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Microsoft is working with global partners to standardise post-quantum certificates for <strong>software, firmware, and more.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-windows-tls-schannel-nbsp\">3. Windows TLS (Schannel)&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They\u2019re bringing quantum-safe TLS (used in HTTPS) to Windows too, not just Linux.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-4-microsoft-active-directory-certificate-services-adcs-nbsp\">4. Microsoft Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS)&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You&#8217;ll be able to issue and manage PQC certificates from your own CA (Certificate Authority), including:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>CRLs (Certificate Revocation Lists)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>NDES, CEP, CES services&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Microsoft Intune Certificate Connector&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These updates ensure PQC works across all your devices, from on-prem servers to mobile endpoints.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-but-wait-what-about-performance-nbsp\">But Wait\u2026 What About Performance?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As we know, Post-quantum algorithms are bigger and slower than what we\u2019re used to.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Signature sizes and keys are much larger.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/ssl-tls-handshake-a-crucial-step-towards-secure-connections\/\">TLS handshakes<\/a> might take a bit longer.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Your systems may need optimisation and hardware acceleration to handle the extra load.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The good news is that Microsoft is working on TLS optimisations like key share prediction and certificate compression (for everything but signatures). These will help speed things up.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-crypto-agility-stay-flexible-or-fall-behind-nbsp\">Crypto Agility: Stay Flexible or Fall Behind&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can\u2019t bet everything on one algorithm. That\u2019s why <a href=\"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/what-is-crypto-agility-how-do-you-achieve-it-for-a-quantum-safe-business\/\">Crypto Agility<\/a> is key. Think of it like building a house with removable walls. If a new algorithm comes out, you can swap it in without rebuilding from scratch.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hybrid methods (mixing quantum-safe + traditional algorithms) are a smart transitional strategy. As the field matures, you\u2019ll be ready to go all-in on <a href=\"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/what-is-post-quantum-cryptography-roadmap-future-and-checklist\/\">PQC<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conclusion-nbsp\">Conclusion&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quantum computers aren\u2019t breaking encryption tomorrow, but they will in the next few years. If you wait until then, it\u2019s too late. Microsoft is giving developers, enterprises, and security professionals a head start with early access to PQC tools in Windows and Linux. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By testing these technologies now, you\u2019re preparing your systems for a secure, quantum-resistant future.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-want-to-try-pqc-today-nbsp\">Want to try PQC today?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you&#8217;re on Windows Insider (Canary build 27852+), you&#8217;re good to go.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you&#8217;re on Linux, install SymCrypt-OpenSSL v1.9.0 and start testing.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Welcome to the Quantum Era, where even the strongest locks we use to protect our digital lives might soon be breakable. However, don\u2019t panic; Microsoft is already preparing for that future, and it has just rolled out a groundbreaking update for Windows Insiders and Linux users that could change the game for cybersecurity forever.&nbsp; Why<span class=\"morelink d-block mt-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/certera.com\/blog\/post-quantum-cryptography-is-coming-to-windows-linux-what-you-need-to-know\/\">Read More<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3580,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,6],"tags":[689,690],"class_list":["post-3578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-encryption","category-https-encryption","tag-post-quantum-cryptographic-pqc","tag-windows-insider-pqc","entry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.6 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Post-Quantum Cryptography Is Coming to Windows &amp; Linux<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Microsoft Adds Post-Quantum Cryptography to Windows Insider and Linux. 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